One of the most frequently asked questions I get is "How do I care for my Sulcatta?" Sulcatta tortoises are without a doubt one of the most common, if not THE most common tortoise bred in captivity. They are easy to come by, and generally very moderately, or even cheaply priced. Therein lies the problem. Most people have $100 to lay down for a spontaneous purchase and assume they know how to care for their new charge. I mean, all you have to do is put it in an aquarium, put a light over it and give it some lettuce right? Pet Stores rarely if ever give accurate information, after all their employees are often high school, or college students just trying to earn a paycheck and are following the advise of their supervisors, who in turn know very little. Their job is to upsell. The majority of their recommendations are actually harmful to your tortoise. For example....did you know aquariums are bad for tortoises? So then why are they always offered as a must have for your new tortoise? Because they are trying to make as much money off of you as they possibly can before you walk out the door.
If you have landed on this page I am in the hopes that you are researching and looking for good information to help you provide the best possible care for your new pet. I wish I could say I could take credit for the following information, but I cannot. It was compiled and written by a very knowledgeable breeder and lover of tortoises, named Tom, who wants nothing more than for the information to be shared far and wide so that no more (or at least fewer) tortoises suffer from bad husbandry. If you would like to chat with experts and learn about turtles and tortoises please click the link below. If you would like to learn more about caring for your hatchling Sulcatta (Leopard and other desert species) please keep reading.
Tortoise Forum
Babies hatch during the start of the rainy season. It is hot, very
humid, rainy, and marshy in some areas. There are puddles and lush green
growing food everywhere. In some areas there is a dry season, but the
hot monsoon season is when babies hatch, and babies find humid
microclimates to hide in during drier times. In extreme conditions they
aestivate and don't eat or grow at all when its hot and dry. Keeping
your hatchling in a dry, desert-like enclosure, is a big mistake and an
invitation to disaster. It is also very unnatural for these animals.
Damp substrate, a water bowl, and a humid hide should all be
prerequisites. Along with this, warm temps day and night are necessary.
Sulcattas, leopards and stars are NOT prone to shell rot at all, and
they do not get respiratory infections in these damp conditions as long
as temps are kept up. I shoot for no lower than 80 degrees day or night
year round, and all three of these heat loving species do well with a
day time ambient approaching 90 degrees. Humidity is at 80+% all the
time. Most people keep them too cool and too dry. Adults can tolerate
colder temps and drier conditions in some circumstances, but this care
sheet is for hatchlings and babies and is aimed at helping them thrive,
not just survive. I know the books, the breeders and the "experts" all
say the opposite of this. They are wrong. They've been wrong for 30
years. For 20 of those years I was wrong right along with them. Some of
us have learned and advanced. Some have not. Keep this in mind when
consulting a vet, or a potential breeder or seller that you want to buy
from. As soon as they contradict this info and tell you "this is a
desert species", you will know NOT to buy from them.
Some General Notes:
- Set up your enclosure, run it, check it and
make adjustments BEFORE you bring home a new tortoise. Babies are easy
if the set up is correct. Babies aren't delicate or difficult. When
babies are not started correctly is when people have problems with them.
Babies have a smaller margin of error due to their smaller body mass,
if you've made mistakes, or if the enclosure and equipment isn't already
set up and at the right temperatures.
- You won't find most of what you need to set
up a tortoise at a pet store. What you will find is expensive stuff that
is bad for your tortoise and lots of bad advice. This is true even at
most reptile specialty places. Where to get tortoise supplies then? The
hardware store or large department stores. There are a few exceptions
like reptile thermostats, some reptile heating elements, and UV tubes. I
get these from on-line sellers.
- If you are going the the grocery store to buy
tortoise food, you are feeding the wrong stuff. If you have no other
choice but to use grocery store food due to your climate and weather for
part of the year, it will need to be amended to make it more suitable
as tortoise food. More on this later.
- It is my hope that this care sheet finds you
BEFORE you buy a tortoise. Most breeders start their babies too dry. The
end result is stunting, pyramiding and sometimes death weeks or months
later. Don't get a baby from someone who starts them dry, on dry
substrate, outdoors all day, and doesn't soak daily.
- Some common mistakes to avoid, with more
explanation later: Buying from the wrong (dry) source, getting advice
and products from a pet store, free roaming indoors or out, feeding a
diet of mostly grocery store foods without amendments, not soaking
daily, cool temps, wrong UV bulbs, wrong basking bulbs, letting dogs
around your tortoise, small enclosures, open topped enclosures, sand or
soil substrates, bad vet care or advice, too much outside time for
little babies, keeping a pair of tortoises in the same enclosure...
Heating And Lighting:
I use a 45-65 watt incandescent flood bulb on a 12 hour timer and adjust
the height of the fixture to get a basking area of around 95-100
directly under the bulb. In some closed chambers I go with lower wattage
bulbs. This depends on many factors and no one can tell you exactly
what wattage you will need in your enclosure. Let your thermometer be
your guide. I use a ceramic heating element or a radiant heat panel set
to 80 degrees on a reptile thermostat to maintain my ambient temperature
in the enclosure. The basking lamp should raise the day time ambient
temperature into the high 80s or low 90s. Ambient should be no lower
than 80, but drifting up to 90 during the heat of the day is good. The
thermostat will keep your CHE or RHP off during these times, but ready
to click on after the basking lamp clicks off and the ambient
temperature starts to drop at night. I use LED bulbs when I want to
brighten up the whole enclosure and I run these on the same timer as the
basking bulb. There are other ways to do some of this, but trial and
error have shown time and time again, that the above is what works the
best. Don't use "spot" bulbs, reptile specialty bulbs, halogen bulbs,
any cfl, or mercury vapor bulbs. You want a plain old, regular
incandescent flood bulb from the hardware store. I buy them in six or
twelve packs, so I always have extras on hand. They always go out at the
most inopportune times.
UV:
Tortoises need regular exposure to the right kind of UV rays in order to
make vitamin D2 into D3 to be able to utilize dietary calcium. Real
sunshine is best, but be careful. Shade should always be available as
babies can overheat and die surprisingly quickly. If your tortoise can
get some regular sunning time in a safe outdoor enclosure, even just a
couple of times a week for most of the year, you don't need any
artificial UV. Its okay if you have to skip two or three weeks of
sunning time during a cold winter spell. If you live somewhere with long
frozen winters, then some artificial UV might be in order for that time
of year. I no longer recommend mercury vapor bulbs for several reasons,
but florescent HO (High Output) UV tubes work very well according to my
UV meter. CFL type UV bulbs are ineffective as UV sources and sometime
burn reptile eyes. No type of compact florescent bulb should be used
over a tortoise. Also get yourself a Solarmeter 6.5. Without a UV meter,
you are guessing about the UV levels in your enclosure, no different
than guessing the temperature without a thermometer. At least without a
thermometer you can still feel the temperature with your hand. You can't
feel UV levels. These meters pay for themselves in short order since
you won't be replacing perfectly good working bulbs every six months, as
the sellers recommend.
Too much outside time is bad for babies. It slows their growth
tremendously and causes pyramiding. I've done many side-by-side
experiments with clutch mates over the years to determine this fact. My
general rule is an hour of access to sunshine per inch of tortoise. Once
they reach around 5 inches, outside all day is fine, weather
permitting, but soak daily and continue to let them sleep in their humid
closed chamber every night until they get a bit bigger.
The Enclosure:
I have not been able to make any open topped enclosure work to my
satisfaction. Low sided open topped enclosures like tortoise tables and
sweater boxes are the worst. No amount of covering, or attempts to slow
heat and humidity loss have worked well for me. There is just no way to
keep the warm humid air where you want it. Closed chambers are the way
to go. Maintaining whatever temperature and humidity you want is easy
and efficient in a closed chamber. They use a lot less electricity
because all of your heat and humidity is contained with nowhere to go.
It also makes maintaining warm night temps a snap. Open tops allow all
your warm humid air to escape up and into the room where your enclosure
sits. Even if you cover most of the top, the heat lamps create a chimney
effect and draw your heat and humidity up and out. Having the heat
lamps outside, or on top of, the enclosure also lets the majority of the
electrically generated heat you are creating float up up and away. A
closed chamber contains all the heat and humidity. It works best if all
the heating and lighting equipment is INSIDE the enclosure with the
tortoise. Any other way is a compromise and less than ideal. Maintaining
a small open topped box at 80 degrees with 80% humidity in a regular
sized room that is 70 degrees and 20% humidity is VERY difficult, if not
impossible in a practical sense. A closed chamber makes it easy.
You can make it much more fancy and add plants and decorations if you
want. I'm going for simplicity and I spend time making their outdoor
enclosures more fantastic. When done correctly, your baby will only be
in this enclosure for a year or two, and then it will be time to move
outside full time with a heated night box, or get much larger indoor
accommodations if this is what your climate dictates.
What if you already bought a glass tank or wooden tortoise enclosure?
How can you make that one work? You really can't. Covering the top and
trying to contain the heat and humidity is better than nothing, but the
sooner you resign yourself to buying or building the right kind of
enclosure, the sooner you and your tortoise will reap the benefits.
Almost everyone gets bad info from the breeder, pet store, vets, and all
over the internet. I'm sorry this happens and sorry you bought all the
wrong stuff, but it helps no one when a person keeps trying to jam that
square peg into a round hole. Think it over, take a deep breath, and
just go get the correct stuff now that you know. I encourage people to
return the items to the pet shop and tell them why. Eventually they will
learn and stop selling dangerous, bad, and useless items to people.
You need to know, and periodically adjust your temperatures. You need to
regularly check warm side, cool side, basking spot and night temps, and
adjust as needed. Every enclosure is different and they even change
with the seasons in most households. It is not enough to screw a bulb in
and walk away. Check those temps, and make adjustments, preferably
BEFORE the baby even comes home. I like to use an infrared temp gun AND
digital thermometers for this purpose. Check your temps early and often.
Enclosure Size:
Simply put: The bigger the better. I start babies in a 30x48 inch closed
chamber. As a minimum, I would suggest no smaller than 36"x18" for a
tiny hatchling, but you'll need to upgrade quickly. They need room to
roam around. Once you put in the food and water bowls, the humid hide,
and any decorations or potted plants, there is hardly any room left over
to walk. Tortoises do not tend to do as well as some other types of
reptiles when stuffed into small enclosures. They need room to roam
inside their safe heated enclosures, and the floor is not a safe option.
Don't think that you'll use a smaller enclosure, and just let Sheldon
out to roam the floor for some exercise. This almost always ends in
disaster. Its bad for your tortoise and impaction, sickness, injury, or
death is the usual result. "But, but, but... I make it safe and
supervise closely..." says every person until the day that disaster
eventually strikes and they realize they were wrong. Its a terrible
sickening feeling to hold a dead tortoise in your hand. Don't put
yourself through this. Make a large enclosure. Don't have room for a
large enclosure? Get a different pet that can live in a smaller
enclosure that you have room for. Tortoises aren't good pets for
everyone. For a sulcatta, even 4x8' is only going to last a year or two.
You might get three years with it for a star, leopard or slower growing
sulcatta, but that is optimistic. Outdoor enclosures can be even larger.
Babies will NOT get lost or overwhelmed in 10x10 foot enclosure. In the
wild they roam far greater distances than that.
Humid Hide Boxes:
This offers the tortoise a more humid place to retreat to and sleep and
can simulate some of the more damp micro-climates they might utilize in
the wild. It is as simple as getting a $2 black dishwashing tub from
Walmart, flipping it upside down and cutting out a small door hole. I
keep the substrate under the tub more damp than the surrounding
substrate and it works great. You can also use plastic shoe boxes.
Sphagnum moss is unnecessary and potentially dangerous since they eat
it, and it can cause an impaction. The humid hide is a very important
detail that should not be overlooked. Half logs and flower pots on their
sides do not work. They are not closed in enough.
Substrate:
There are only three viable options. Coco coir, orchid bark, and cypress
mulch. All of these can be purchased in bulk at most hardware or garden
center stores at a tremendous savings. I don't like coco coir for these
species because its too messy. I don't like cypress mulch because the
pieces aren't uniform, some pieces are too big or too sharp, and because
it smells like the swamp that is came from. If these two are all you
can find, then go ahead and use them. They are safe and suitable. Fine
grade orchid bark works the best. Its cheap, easy, holds moisture well,
doesn't stink, easy to clean, easy for babies to walk on, not an
ingestion hazard, etc... I recommend against any store bought soil,
"Pets At Home" reptile bedding with the little white limestone bits in
it, wood shavings or chips, ground walnut shell, corn cob bedding,
rabbit pellets, compressed grass pellet bedding, newspaper pellets, hay,
cedar, or any amount of sand. None of those are safe or suitable for an
indoor tortoise enclosure.
Water Dishes:
Plain old terracotta plant saucers work best. They come in a variety of
sizes to suit any size tortoise, they offer good traction to little wet
tortoise feet, they have low sides, they are cheap so you can buy
extras, and they are shallow so your tortoise won't drown if it happens
to flip over and land upside down in the water bowl. Sink the bowl into
the substrate for best results. I prefer to give babies two water bowls.
Do NOT use the typical ramped pet store bowls. These are great for
snakes and lizards, but they can literally be death traps for tortoises.
Clean your terracotta saucer as often as needed. The more they track
food and substrate into it, and the more they poop in it, the better.
This means they are comfortable using their bowl, and that is great
news. Just rinse and refill as many times a day as you need to. A water
bowl that stays clean and untouched all day is a water bowl that is not
being used for one reason or another. This is a bad sign, and it means
your tortoise is one step closer to dehydration.
Soaking:
I recommend ALL hatchlings of ALL species be soaked in 85-95 degree
water for at least 20-30 minutes every day. I use a tall sided opaque
tub and keep the water depth about a third to half way up the body. If
you have a humid enclosure with a humid hide and a water bowl, it is
totally fine to skip a day here and there. Soaking only once a week and
using a dry enclosure is not enough in my opinion, and I would not buy a
hatchling that had been started that way. Once the tortoise gets to
about 100 grams, I start skipping a day now and then. I gradually taper
it down as they gain size. How often I soak older tortoises depends on a
lot of factors, the current weather and season being two big ones. I
soak more often when its hot and dry. If you live in a warm, humid,
rainy climate, and your tortoise is exposed to these conditions, soaking
less often is probably fine, but it still wont hurt anything to do it.
You cannot soak too much or for too long. Soaking does not do any harm
whatsoever. It doesn't make them poop too much and not digest their
food, it doesn't upset their "water balance", whatever that is, it
doesn't give them shell rot or respiratory infections, and it is NOT
unnatural in any way. "But, but, but... Who soaks them every day in
nature???" These babies hatch at the start of the RAINY season in the
wild. Its raining on them frequently, and puddles form all over the
place. Keep the soak water warm for the entire soak. If you are in a
hurry, 10 minutes is enough. If you are forgetful or get distracted, an
hour will do no harm.
Feeding:
So much contradictory info on this subject. Its simple. What do they eat
in the wild. Grass, weeds, leaves, flowers, and succulents. Feed them a
huge variety of these things, and you'll have a healthy tortoise. All
of these species are very adaptable when it comes to diet and there is a
very large margin of error, and many ways to do it right. What if you
don't have this sort of "natural" tortoise food available for part of
each year because you are in the snow? You will have no choice but to
buy grocery store food. What's wrong with grocery store food? It tends
to lack fiber, some items are low in calcium or have a poor calcium to
phosphorous ratio, and some items have deleterious compounds in them.
All of these short comings can be improved with some simple
supplementation and amendments. A pinch of calcium two times per week
will help fix that problem. You can also leave cuttlebone in the
enclosure, so your tortoise can self-regulate its own calcium intake.
What about fiber? Soaked horse hay pellets, soaked ZooMed Grassland
pellets, Mazuri tortoise chow, "Salad style", "Herbal Hay" both from @TylerStewart and his lovely wife Sarah at Tortoisesupply.com, or many of the dried plants and leaves available from Will @Kapidolo Farms.
If you must use grocery store foods, favor endive and escarole as your
main staples. Add in arugula, cilantro, kale, collard, mustard and
turnip greens, squash leaves, spring mix, romaine, green or red leaf
lettuce, butter lettuce, water cress, carrot tops, celery tops, bok
choy, and whatever other greens you can find. If you mix in some of the
aforementioned amendments, these grocery store foods will offer plants
of variety and fiber and be able to meet your tortoises nutritional
needs just fine. I find it preferable to grab a few grapevine or
mulberry leaves, or a handful of mallow and clover, or some broad leaf
plantain leaves and some grass, but with the right additions, grocery
store stuff is fine too. Grow your own stuff, or find it around you when
possible. Tyler and Sarah also sell a fantastic Testudo seed mix that
is great for ALL tortoise species and also super easy to grow in pots,
trays, raised garden beds, or in outdoor tortoise enclosures. When that
isn't possible, add a wide variety of good stuff to your grocery store
greens to make them better.
Supplements:
I recommend you keep cuttlebone available all the time. Some never use
it and some munch on it regularly. Some of mine will go months without
touching it, and then suddenly eat the whole thing in a day or two.
Sulcattas and leopards grow a lot. This requires a tremendous amount of
calcium assimilation over time. A great diet is paramount, but it is
still a good idea to give them some extra calcium regularly. I use a
tiny pinch of RepCal or ZooMed plain old calcium carbonate twice a week.
Much discussion has been given to whether or not they need D3 in their
calcium supplement. Personally, I don't think it matters. Every tortoise
should be getting adequate UV exposure one way or another, so they
should be able to make their own D3. I also like to use a mineral
supplement. "MinerAll" is my current brand of choice. It seems to help
those tortoises that like to swallow pebbles and rocks. It is speculated
that some tortoise eat rocks or substrate due to a mineral deficiency
or imbalance. Whatever the reason, "MinerAll" seems to stop it or
prevent it. Finally, I like to use a reptile vitamin supplement once a
week, to round out any hidden deficiencies that may be in my diet over
the course of a year.
Outdoor Enclosures:
This is a MUST in my opinion. Tortoises are solar powered, need lots of
walking room, and benefit greatly from some time in the great outdoors.
With hatchlings I start with short excursions of only an hour a day,
followed by a soak on the way in. As they gain size, I like to leave
them out longer and longer each day, weather permitting, until they
eventually live outside full time with a heated night box of some sort,
where climate allows. Outside time must be done with great care as there
are many dangers. They can overheat, be eaten or mauled, or escape.
Here is one simple idea. A large middle pool or horse watering trough
could also work. If you don't have a suitable grassy area, you can put a
plywood bottom on this with wheels and legs, and move it around. Do NOT
let your baby roam free outside. You will lose it eventually, and
you'll be unable to explain how it happened so fast when you were
watching so carefully. Its a sickening feeling. Don't put yourself
through this. Use an enclosure and make it large. Also, if you have a
dog, or people who come to visit bring a dog, your tortoise is in grave
danger. Be careful. EVERY dog will chew up a tortoise. It doesn't matter
how nice and loving a dog it is. Tortoises are seen as chew toys by
dogs. Don't let this happen to your tortoise. Physically prevent it with
fencing and/or correct housing. Don't leave it to chance. It is a
horrible sickening feeling holding a mauled tortoise in your hands.
Don't put yourself through this.
Pyramiding:
This is the subject of many threads in itself. I will simply state here
what I know to be true based on my experience, my experiments,
conversations with people who live other countries and study tortoises,
people who have kept them for decades here in the U.S., and personal
observations of thousands of tortoises in all manners of keeping styles.
There are many things listed as causes of pyramiding. I can refute each
one with multiple examples. Lack of UV, lack of calcium, too much
protein, too much food, the wrong foods, fast growth, wrong
temperatures, small enclosures, not enough exercise, indoor housing,
etc. None of these factors CAUSES pyramiding. They can all be somehow
related to it, but they don't cause it. Simply put: Pyramiding is
caused
by growth in conditions that are too dry. This is true for any species
of tortoise, even the ones that don't typically pyramid. To prevent
pyramiding I use a closed chamber and keep the ambient temperature 80 or
higher all the time, I keep humidity at 80% or higher, I offer a humid
hide that holds 95-100% humidity, I soak daily to ensure good hydration,
and I spray the carapace with plain water several times a day. Sulcattas
hatch during the African rainy season. It is hot, humid, rainy and
marshy. It makes no sense to keep them in a dry box, with dry substrate,
and a hot desiccating bulb overhead. Simulating this rainy season has
grown me hundreds of smooth leopard and sulcatta babies, as well as a few
other species too. There are literally thousands of examples of other
people succeeding using the same basic philosophy here on this forum. So
please, don't keep sulcattas and leopards in desert-style enclosures. It
is not healthy for them. They are not the least bit prone to shell rot,
like some other species are, and they DO NOT get respiratory infections
from high humidity as long as temps are 80 or higher everywhere in the
enclosure, day and night. I don't say these things and come up with
these assertions lightly. Its not that I raised one tortoise this way,
and everything went okay. I have literally raised hundreds of tortoises
of multiple species this way and had nothing but success. My methods and
success rate have been repeated by thousands of tortoise keepers all
over the globe. We have more than 10 years of living healthy examples to
back up these assertions.
If you want to prevent pyramiding, simply do the above stuff.